Osteoporosis is a condition consisting of low bone mass and deterioration of tissue which increases fragility, and more likely to break. It develops slowly over several years and is often only diagnosed when a minor fall or sudden impact causes a fracture. In its early stages, osteoporosis may not present any obvious symptoms. However, as it progresses, individuals may experience an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the wrist, hip, and spine. Over time, loss of height, persistent back pain due to fractured or collapsed vertebrae, and a stooped posture may become noticeable.
Several factors contribute to the risk of developing osteoporosis. Gender and age; women are at a greater risk of osteoporosis than men due to the decrease in oestrogen production during the menopause which accelerates the loss of bone. There is a significant increase in prevalence with age 2% at 50 to 50% at 80. Long-term use of oral corticosteroid medications can negatively affect bone health. A sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption further elevate the risk.
More than one in three women and one in five men will sustain one or more osteoporotic fractures in their lifetime. Osteoporotic or fragility fractures may be a start point for diagnosis of osteoporosis.
A DEXA or DXA scan is used to give a value for bone mineral density in units above or below the average of a young healthy person; +1 to -1 is normal BMD, -1 to -2.5 BMD is slightly below normal this is known as osteopenia, -2.5 and below is the osteoporosis range. You may be given a Z score which is the comparison with people of your age which may show another condition or medicine is affecting BMD and you may require further tests.
If diagnosed with osteoporosis, medical treatment options may include medications such as bisphosphonates, hormone-related therapy, or bone-building drugs. Bone density scans are often recommended to monitor the progression of the condition and assess the effectiveness of treatment. See the video link from the royal osteoporosis society for more information on treatment.
Managing osteoporosis effectively involves a combination of dietary choices, exercise, and lifestyle adjustments. Consuming calcium-rich foods such as dairy, leafy greens, and fortified cereals helps support bone strength. Ensuring adequate vitamin D through sunlight exposure or supplements is equally important. A well-balanced diet that includes protein, fruits, and vegetables contributes to overall bone health.
Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density and reducing the risk of fractures. Weight-bearing activities like walking, jogging, or dancing help strengthen bones, while strength-training exercises build and maintain bone mass. Balance and flexibility exercises can further reduce the risk of falls, which are a major concern for individuals with osteoporosis.
Adopting healthier lifestyle habits can also make a significant difference. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake help preserve bone strength. Making adjustments at home, such as removing trip hazards and using assistive devices, can minimize fall risks. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall well-being and bone health.
Seeking medical help is important if there is a family history of osteoporosis, after experiencing a minor injury or fall that results in a fracture, or when persistent back pain or loss of height is observed. By incorporating self-care measures and following medical advice, individuals can help maintain bone health and reduce the risk of fractures. For more information, consulting a healthcare provider or physiotherapist is highly recommended.
The Royal Osteoporosis Society website has a number of useful information videos and resources to find out more on osteoporosis like the ones linked on this page. A range of exercise and physical activity videos and support information and finding support groups in your local area.